APUSH Review Topics: Colonialism through Reconstruction
12th Amendment-procedure for electing the President and Vice President
13th, 14th, 15th Amendments- Emancipation Proclaimation, Citizenship, & Suffrage
54º40' or Fight!- Oregon boundary dispute competing British and American claims to the Pacific Northwest of North America in the first half of the 19th century.
Aaron Burr- was the 3rd Vice President (1801–1805); he served during President Thomas Jefferson's first term.
Abigail Adams- Wife of John Adams, vey independent & strong- good influences over her husband.
Adams-Onis Treaty- was a treaty between the U.S. and Spainin 1819 that gave Florida to the U.S. and set out a boundary between the U.S. and Mexico.
Albany Plan of Union- was a proposal to create a unified government for the 13 colonies, suggested by Ben. Franklin
Alexander Hamilton’s Financial Plan- implied powers of the Constitution could be used to fund the national debt, assume state debts, and create the givernment-owned Bank of U. S.
Alien and Sedition Acts-The Naturalization Act increased the residency requirement for American citizenship from 5 to 14 years, and allowed the president to imprison or deport aliens who were considered "dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States". They also restricted speech which was critical of the federal government.
American Anti-slavery Society, 1833-was an abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison and Arthur Tappan.
American Colonization Society-established in 1817 by Robert Finley of New Jersey, was the primary vehicle to support the return of free African Americans to what was considered greater freedom in Africa. It helped to found the colony of Liberia in 1821–22 as a place for freedman. .
American Temperance Union-a reform sentiment in much of the country promoting the abolitionist of slavery,expanding women's rights, temperance, and the improvement of society.
Andrew Johnson-was the 17th President of the U,S., serving from 1865 to 1869. Johnson became president as Abraham Linciln's Vice President at the time of Lincoln's assassination. The new president favored quick restoration of the seceded states to the Union. His plans did not give protection to the former slaves, and he came into conflict with the Republican-dominated Congress, culminating in his impeachment by the House of Representatives.
Annapolis Convention, 1786-was a meeting in 1786 at Annapolis, Maryland, of 12 delegates from five states (New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Virginia) that unanimously called for a constitutional convention.
Anti-Masonic Party- The Anti-Masonic Party (also known as theAnti-Masonic Movement) was the first 3rd party in the United States.It strongly opposed Freemasonry and was founded as a single-issue party aspiring to become a major party. Although lasting only a decade, it introduced important innovations to American politics, such as nominatinf conventions and the adoption of party platforms
Appomattox Surrender-fought on the morning of April 9, 1865, was the final engagement of Confederate State Army General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia before it surrendered to the Union Army under Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, and one of the last battles of the American Civil War.
Bill of Rights adopted, 1791-the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution.
Brook Farm, MA-was a utopian experiment in communal living in the United States in the 1840s.
Carpetbaggers- was a pejorative term Southerners gave to Northerners who moved to the South during the Reconstruction era, between 1865 and 1877.
Citizen Edmond Charles Genêt-was the French ambassador to the U. S. during the French Rebolution
Clara Barton-was a pioneer American teacher, patent clerk, nurse, and humanitarian. At a time when relatively few women worked outside the home, Barton built a career helping others. One of her greatest accomplishments was founding the American Red Cross.
Coercive Acts / Intolerable Acts-The Intolerable Acts was the Patriot name for a series of punitive laws passed by the British Parliament, in 1774 relating to Massachusetts after the Boston Tea Party. In Great Britain, these laws were referred to as the Coercive Acts.
The acts stripped Massachusetts of self-government and historic rights, triggering outrage and resistance in the 13 colonies.They were key developments in the outbreak of the American Revolution in 1775.
Compromise of 1850-was a package of five bills passed in the U.S. in September 1850, which defused a four-year confrontation between the slave states of the South and the free states of the North regarding the status of territories acquired during the Mexican-American War (1846–1848).
Compromise of 1877-was a purported informal, unwritten deal that settled the intensely disputed 1876 U.S. Presidential Election, pulled federal troops out of state politics in the South, and ended the Reconstructiokn era.
Copperheads-were a vocal group of Democrats located in the Northern U. S. of the Union who opposed the American Civil War wanting an immediate peace settlement with the Confederates. Republicans started calling antiwar Democrats "Copperheads", likening them to the venomous snake.
Crittenden Compromise-was an unsuccessful proposal introduced by Kentucky Senator John J. Crittenden on December 18, 1860. It aimed to resolve the U. S. secession crisis of 1860–1861 by addressing the grievances that led the slave states of the U. S. to contemplate secession from the United States.
Cyrus McCormick-was an Smerican inventor and founder of the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company, which became part of International Harvedter Company in 1902.
David Walker’s Appeal-Walker published his appeal to black people entitled Walker's Appeal in Four Articles; Together with a Preamble, to the Coloured Citizens of the World, but in Particular and Very Expressly to Those of the United States of America. The purpose of the document was to encourage readers to take an active role in fighting their oppression, regardless of the risk, and to press white Americans to realize the moral and religious failure of slavery.
Declaration of Sentiments- is a document signed in 1848 by 68 women and 32 men—100 out of some 300 attendees at the first women's rights convention. The convention was held in Seneca Falls, New York, now known as the Seneca Falls Convention. The principal author of the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments was Elizabeth Cady Stsnton who based it on the form of the U.S. Declarstion of Independence.
Deism- the belief that reason and observation of the natural world are sufficient to determine the existence of a Creator, accompanied with the rejection of revelation and authority as a source of religious knowledge.
Dominion of New England, 1686-was an administrative union of English colonies in the New England region of North America.
Election of 1824 "Corrupt Bargain-In the 1824 election, no outright majority was attained and the process required resolution in the House of Representatives, whose Speaker and candidate in his own right, Henry Clay gave his support to John Quincy Adams, and was then selected to be his Secretary of State. In the 1876 election accusations of corruption stemmed from officials involved in counting the necessary and hotly contested electoral votes of both sides, in which Rutherford B. Hayes was elected by a congressional commission.
Elijah Lovejoy-was an American Presyberterian minister, journalist, newspaper editor, and abolitionist.
Embargo Act-The embargo was imposed in response to violations of U.S. neutrality, in which American merchantmen and their cargo were seized as contraband of war by the European navies. The British Royal Navy, in particular, resorted to impressment, forcing thousands of American seamen into service on their warships.
Force Bill, 1833-Passed by Congress at the urging of President Andrew Jackson, the Force Bill consisted of eight sections expanding Presidential power and was designed to compel the state of South Carolina's compliance with a series of federal tariffs, opposed by John C. Calhoun and other leading South Carolinians. Among other things, the legislation stipulated that the president could, if he deemed it necessary, deploy the U.S. Army to force South Carolina to comply with the law.
Fort Pitt, Fort Duquesne-Fort Duquesne was a fort established by the French in 1754, at the junction of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers in what is now downtown Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
It was destroyed and replaced by Fort Pitt in 1758. The site of both forts is now occupied by Point State Park.
Forty-Niners-Prospectors that went to California during the Gold Rush of 1849. They arrived relatively early, in 1849, hence the 49 name. Population of CA increased by an estimated 86,000.
George Grenville’s Program- the passing of the American Stamp Act of 1765, which led to the first symptoms of alienation betweenAmerican colonies and Great Britain.
Gibbons v. Ogden- was a landmark decision in which the Supreme Court of the U. S., held that the power to regulate interstate commerce was granted to Comgress by the Commerce Clause of the U. A. Constitution
Half-way Covention-
Hasting’s Emigrants Guide-stings wrote The Emigrants' Guide to Oregon and California to induce Americans to move to California, hoping they could effect a bloodless revolution by sheer numbers.
Headright system-is a legal grant of land to settlers.
Hudson River School of Art, 1820s- Thw first coherent school for American arts.
Jay’s Treaty, 1794-was a treaty between the U. S. and the U.K. that is credited with averting war,bresolving issues remaining since the Treaty of Paris 1783, which ended the American Revolution, and facilitating ten years of peaceful trade between the United States and Britain in the midst of the French Revolutionary wars, which began in 1792.
John Rolfe- was one of the early English settlers of North America. He is credited with the first successful cultivation of tobacco as an export crop in the Colony of Virginia and is known as the husband of Pocahontas , daughter of the chief of the Powhatan Confederacy.
Jonathan Edward-was a Christian preacher and theologian. Edwards "is widely acknowledged to be America's most important and original philosophical theologian," and one of America's greatest intellectuals.
Judiciary Act, 1789- was a landmark statute adopted on September 24, 1789, in the first session of the First U. S. Congress. It established the U.S. federal judiciary Article lll, Section 1 of the Constitution prescribed that the "judicial power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court," and such inferior courts as Congress saw fit to establish. It made no provision, though, for the composition or procedures of any of the courts, leaving this to Congress to decide.
Land Ordinance of 1785-Congress did not have the power to raise revenue by direct taxation of the inhabitants of the United States.
Lawrence, Kansas - 1855-was a series of violent political confrontations involving antislavery Freestatrs, and pro-slavery "Border Ruffian" elements, that took place in the Lansas Territory and the neighboring towns of the state of Missouri between 1854 and 1861.
Lecompton Constitution-was the second of four proposed constitution for the state of Kansas
Leisler’s Rebellion, 1689-was an uprising in late 17th century colonial New York, in which German American merchant and militia captain Jacob Leisler seized control of the colony's south and ruled it from 1689 to 1691.
Liberal Republicans-was a political party that was organized in Cincinnati in May 1872, to oppose the reelection of President Ulysses S. Grant and his Radical Repunlicans supporters in the president election of 1872
Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan-It decreed that a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10% of the 1860 vote count from that state had taken an oath of allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide by emancipation.
Lord Baltimore- Established Zmatyland as a haven for Catholics
Magna Carta, 1215-is an Angevjn charter originally issued in Latin in June of 1215. It was signed and sealed under oath by King John at Runnymede, near London, England.
Manifest Destiny-American settlers were destined to expand throughout the continent.
Marquis de Lafayette-was a French aristocrat and military officer born in Chavaniac
Maysville Road Veto-when President Andrew Jackson vetoed a bill which would allow the Federal government to purchase stock in the Maysville, Washington, Paris, and Lexington Turnpike Road Company, which had been organized to construct a road linking Lexington, KY. and Maysville, KY., on the Ohio River the entirety of which would be in the state of Kentucky.
McCulloch v. Maryland-was a landmark decisoon by the Supreme Court of the United States. The state of Maryland had attempted to impede operation of a branch of the Second Banks by imposing a tax on all notes of banks not chartered in Maryland.
Monitor and Merrimac engagement-was the most noted and arguably most important naval battle of the American Civil War from the standpoint of the development of navies.
Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)-was an American novelist and short story writer.
Navigation Acts-were a continuation of laws that restricted the use of foreign shipping for trade between England and its colonies
New England Emigrant Aid Compa- was a transportation company in Boston, Massachusetts created to transport immigrants to the Kansas Territory to shift the balance of power so that Kansas would enter the United States as a free state rather than a slave state. Nicholas Trist- He was also private secretary to Andrew Jackson
Olive Branch Petition-The petition affirmed American loyalty to Great Britain and entreated the king to prevent further conflict.
Ostend Manifesto- was a document written in 1854 that described the rationale for the U.S. to purchase Cuba from Spain while implying that the U.S. should declare war if Spain refused.
Panic of 1837- was a financial crisis in the United States that touched off a major recession that lasted until the mid-1840s. Profits, prices and wages went down while unemployment went up.
Patrick Henry (1736-1799)-was an American attorney, planter, and politician who became known as an orator during the movement for independence in Virginia in the 1770s. A Founding Father he served as the firdt and sixth post-colonial Govenor of Virginia from 1776 to 1779 and from 1784 to 1786.
Paxton Boys-were frontiersmen of Scot- Irish origin from along the Susquehanna River in central Pennsylvania who formed a vigilante group to retaliate in 1763 against local American Indians in the aftermath of the French and Indian War and Pontiacs' Rebellion
Peggy Eaton Affair- was an 1830–1831 U.S. scandal involving members of President Andrew's Jackson and their wives.
Pickney’s Treaty, 1795-was signed in San Lorenzo de El Escorial on October 27, 1795 and established intentions of friendship between the U.S. and Spain.
Pontiac’s Rebellion, 1763-was a war that was launched in 1763 by a loose confederation of elements of Native American tribes primarily from the Great Lakes region the Illinois Country, and Ohio Country who were dissatisfied with British postwar policies in the Great Lakes region after the British victory in the French and Idian War (1754–1763).
Pre-emption Act, 1841-. It was designed to "appropriate the proceeds of the sales of public lands... and to grant 'pre-emption rights' to individuals" who were already living on federal lands (commonly referred to as "squatters").
Proclamation Line of Parliament enacted them to order local governments of the American colonies to provide the British soldiers with any needed accommodations. It also required colonists to provide food for any British soldiers in the area.
Proprietary colonies-was a colony in which one or two individuals, usually land owners, remaining subject to their parent state's sanctions, retained rights that are today regarded as the privilege of the state, and in all cases eventually became so
Quartering Act-Parliament enacted them to order local governments of the Anerican colonies to provide the British soldiers with any needed accommodations. It also required colonists to provide food for any British soldiers in the area.
Radical Republicans- were a faction of American politicians within the Republican Party from about 1854 until the end of Recknstruction in 1877.
Revolution of 1800- Thomas Jefferson defeated John Adams. The election was a realigning election that ushered in a generation of Democratic-Republican Party rule and the eventual demise of the Federalist Party in the First Party System
Robert Fulton-was an American engineer and inventor who is widely credited with developing the first commercially successful steamboat.
Roger Williams, Rhode Island, 1635-
Salutary neglect- an unofficial and long-lasting 17th- & 18th-century British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws, meant to keep the American colonies obedient to England.
Sam Adams-was an American statesman, politicl philosopher, and one of the Founding Fathers of the U. S..As a politician in colonial Massachusetts, Adams was a leader of the movement that became the American Revolution, and was one of the architects of the principles of American Republicanism that shaped the political culture of the United States. He was a second cousin to President John Adams.
Samuel F.B. Morse-contributed to the invention of a single-wire telegraph system based on European telegraphs. He was a co-developer of the Morse code , and helped to develop the commercial use of telegraphy.
Samuel Slater (1768-1835)-was an early English-American industrialist known as the "Father of the American Industrial Revolution.
Scalawags- southern whites who supportedReconstuction and the Republican Party after the American Civil War.
Second Continental Congress-was a convention of delegates from the 13 colonies that started meeting in the summer of 1775, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, soon after warfare in the American Revolutionary War had begun.
Shay’s Rebellion-was an armed uprising that took place in central and western Massachusetts in 1786 and 1787. The rebellion was named after Daniel Shays a veteran of the American Revolutionary War and one of the rebel leaders.
Sherman’s March to the Sea-is the name commonly given to the Savannah Campaignconducted through Georgia from November 15 to December 21, 1864 by Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman of the Union Army in the American Civil War.
Sons of Liberty-was an organization of American patriota that originated in the North American British colonies. The group was formed to protect the rights of the colonists and to take to the streets against the abuses of the British government. They are best known for undertaking the Boston Tea Party in 1773 in reaction to the Tea Act, which led to the Intoleranle Acts (an intense crackdown by the British government), and a counter-mobilization by the Patriots.
Specie Circular, 1836-was an executive order issued by U.S. President Andrew Jackson in 1836 and carried out by succeeding President Martin Van buren. It required payment for government land to be in gold and silver.
Spoils system-is a practice where a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its supporters, friends and relatives as a reward for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working for the party —as opposed to a merit system, where offices are awarded on the basis of some measure of merit, independent of political activity.
Spot Resolutions- were offered in the U.S. House if Representatives on 22 December 1847 by Abraham Lincoln, Whig representative from Illinois. The resolutions requested President James K. Polk to provide Congress with the exact location (the "spot") upon which blood was spilt on American soil, as Polk had claimed in 1846 when asking Congress to declare war on Mexico.
Stephen Kearny- was one of the foremost antebellum frontier officers of the U.S. Army. He is remembered for his significant contributions in the Mexican-American War, especially the conquest of California.
Sugar Act, 1764-was a revenue-raising act passed by the Parliament of Great Britain on April 5, 1764.
Sumner-Brooks Affair-The Sumner-Brook Affair was an incident that took place in the senate, where Charles Sumner delivered a very ugly speech insulting a very high esteemed Senator of South Carolina, Andrew Butler. Butler suffered from a physical defect that made him drool. Sumner made a connection of Butler's slobbering in connection with the Barbarity of slave owners. Later on Preston Brooks, Butler's cousin, snuck up behind Sumner and beat him with a cane till it broke. The South viewed Brooks as a hero and the North forgot Sumner's wrongdoings and praised him
Tenure of Office Act, 1866-was a U.S. federal law (in force from 1867 to 1887) that was intended to restrict the power of the President if the U.S. to remove certain office-holders without the approval of the Senate.
Thaddeus Stevens- was a member of the U. S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania and one of the leaders of the Radical Republican faction of the Republican Party during the 1860s. A fierce opponent of slavery and discrimination against African-Americans, Stevens sought to secure their rights during Recinstruction, in opposition to President Andrew Johnson. As chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee during the American Civil War, he played a major part in the war's financing.
The Alamo-was a pivotal event in the Texas Revolution. Following a 13-day siege, Mexican troops under President General Antonio López de Santa Anna launched an assault on the Alamo Mission near San Antonio de Béxar.
The Grimke sisters, Angelina and Sarah-
were 19th-century Southern American Quaker educators and writers who were early advocates of abolitionism and women's rights.
Thomas Hutchinson-was a businessman, historian, and a prominent Loyalist politician of the Province of Massachutes Bay in the years before the American Revolution.
X,Y,Z Affair-was a political and diplomatic episode in 1797 and 1798, early in the administration of John Adams, involving the U.S. and Republican France.
Zachary Taylor-was the 12th Zpresident of the U. S., serving from March 1849 until his death in July 1850. Prior to his presidency, Taylor was a career officer in the U.S. Army rising to the rank of major general. His status as a national hero as a result of his victories in the Mexican-Smerican War won him election to the White House despite his vague political beliefs.
Zenger Trial-was a German American printer, publisher, editor and journalist in NYC. Zenger printed The New York Weekly Journal. He was a defendant in a landmark legal case in American jurisprudence, known as "The Zenger Trial", in which his lawyer, Andrew Hsmilton, established that truth is a defense against charges of libel.
